Jim Crow laws |
Disfranchisement |
Plessy v. Ferguson |
Separate but equal |
State and local laws in the United States enacted
between 1876 and
1965. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in
Southern states of the former Confederacy, with a supposedly "separate
but equal" status for black Americans. Some examples of Jim Crow laws
are the segregation of public schools, public places, and public
transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants, and
drinking fountains for whites and blacks. |
The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to
vote) of a person
or group of people explicitly through law, or implicitly by
intimidation or by imposing unreasonable demands (poll taxes, residency
requirements, rule variations, literacy and understanding tests that
were hard for the poor to fulfill). It is also called
disenfranchisement. |
A 1896 landmark Supreme Court decision in the
jurisprudence of the
United States, confirming the constitutionality of state laws requiring
racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate
but equal." It was in favor of Judge Ferguson who ruled that Homer
Plessy, a man of African-American origin, had no right to sit in the
"whites-only" passenger car of a Louisiana train. |
A legal doctrine in United States
constitutional law that justified
systems of segregation. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and
public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the
condition that the quality of each group's public facilities was to
remain equal. |
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Ku
Klux Klan |
White supremacy |
Lynching |
Great Migration |
Far-right organization in the United States, which has
advocated white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration. It
first flourished in the South in the late 1860s. Members adopted white
costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, to be terrifying, and to hide
their identities. Then it flourished nationwide in the 1920sand after
World War. It is often abbreviated KKK and informally known as the Klan. |
Belief that white people are superior to people
of other racial backgrounds. White supremacy was dominant in the United
States before the American Civil War and for decades after
Reconstruction. Many U.S. states banned interracial marriage through
anti-miscegenation laws until 1967, when these laws were declared
unconstitutional. |
Took
place most frequently in the South from 1890 to the 1920s. It is
associated
with re-imposition of White supremacy in the South after the Civil War.
Black
Americans, and Whites active in the pursuit of equal rights, were
frequently
lynched when Southern states changed their constitutions to
disfranchise most
blacks. |
The movement of 6 million African Americans out of the
Southern United States, especially Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi,
to the Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1910 to 1970. By the end of
this movement, only 53 percent of African Americans remained in the South (as against 90 percent in 1910),
while 40 percent lived in the North and 7 percent in the West. |
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Civil Rights
Movement |
Montgomery Bus Boycott |
Little Rock |
The March on Washington
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Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
The arrest in 1955 of Rosa Parks, a woman who refused
to leave her seat to a white passenger in a segregated bus, was the
cause of the boycott of these segregated buses in the capital of
Alabama. The young Baptist minister who became president of the
movement was Martin Luther King, Jr. After more than a year, a federal
court ordered the buses to be desegregated and the boycott ended. |
Nine African-American students who tried to attend
Little Rock Central High School in 1957 because of their excellent
grades were denied this right. On the first day of school, only one of
the nine students showed up and was harassed by white protesters
outside the school. Afterward, the nine students had to be escorted by
military personnel in jeeps. |
A major rally for human rights that took place
in the federal capital in 1963, a hundred years after the Emancipation
Proclamation. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a
Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial in
front of 200,000. |
A major piece of legislation signed by
President Johnson. It outlawed major forms of discrimination based on
"race, color, religion, sex or national origin". It ended unequal
application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation
in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general
public ("public accommodations"). |
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